马休·佩里

马休·佩里的个人简介

马休·卡尔布莱斯·佩里（Matthew Calbraith Perry，1794年4月10日－1858年3月4日），或称为培里，美国海军将领，因率领黑船打开锁国时期的日本国门而闻名于世。 日本称呼其为“伯理”或“彼理”，由于幕府方面的翻译是荷兰人的关系（由日语译为荷兰语，再由黑船上懂荷兰语的船员译为英语），当时的文件上写的名字是荷兰文风格发音的“培尔里”（ペルリ）。 马休·佩里出生在罗德岛海军家庭，父亲和哥哥也是海军将领。1854年，美国海军准将马休·佩里率领远征军打开了日本的国门，并与日本签署《日美亲善条约》（又称《神奈川条约》）。

马休·佩里

马休·佩里(Matthew Calbraith Perry)（1794年4月10日-1858年3月4日），美国海军将领，因率领黑船打开日本国门而闻名于世。 一般也称为培里。

马休·佩里出生在罗德岛海军家庭，父亲和哥哥也是海军将领。

1852年，美国海军准将马休·佩里率领舰队进入江户湾（今东京湾）岸的浦贺，要求与德川幕府谈判，史称“黑船事件”。1854年，日本与美国签订了神奈川《日美亲善条约》，同意向美国开放除长崎外的下田和箱馆（函馆）两个港口，并给予美国最惠国待遇等。由于接踵而来的一系列不平等条约的签订，德川幕府再度成为日本社会讨伐的目标。

日本称呼其为“彼理”，由于幕府方面的翻译是荷兰人的关系，当时的文件上写的名字是荷兰文风格发音的“培尔里（ペルリ）”。

生平

佩里出生在美国罗德岛州新港的一个海军家庭。佩里是美国海军私掠船长克里斯多福·雷蒙德·佩里，和妻子莎拉所生的三男。哥哥奥利弗·哈泽德·佩里也是海军的知名将领。培里本人也于1809年也加入海军，1812年开始和两个哥哥一起参加英美之间的1812年战争，1833年时任布鲁克林海军工厂的造船所长，1837年建造出美国海军的第一条蒸气船“富尔顿号”，同年晋升为海军上校，1841年成为同海军工厂的司令。佩里遵从海军以蒸气船为主力的强化政策，并且实行士官教育，被称为海军的蒸气船之父。

1852年3月就任东印度舰队的司令官，被授予“日本开国”的指令（但是禁止开炮）。同年11月带着米勒德·菲尔莫尔总统的亲笔信函从维吉尼亚州的诺福克港出航。以巡防舰密西西比号为旗舰，带领其他三条船舰经由加那利群岛→开普敦→新加坡→香港→琉球（今冲绳）→小笠原群岛，最后于1853年7月8日（嘉永6年6月3日）于浦贺入港。7月14日（同年6月9日）应幕府的要求，从久里滨护卫佩里一行上陆，佩里转交总统的亲笔信给户田氏荣及井户弘道。至此佩里没有和幕府具体作开国协议，仅有提出开国的要求，在测量几天海湾后，幕府表示希望能给予考虑时间到明年再给予回答，接下来因为粮食等原因，舰队先在琉球靠港。

1854年佩里再访日本，3月31日强迫幕府签订《日米和亲条约》，归国途中在那霸停泊并与琉球缔结《琉米修好条约》。

佩里此行曾在基隆停泊约十日间，登陆勘查基隆煤矿，测量基隆港的港湾地势。佩里返国后，提出报告力陈台湾适合作为美国的远东贸易中继站，台湾有如围绕佛罗里达半岛和犹加敦半岛、制御墨西哥湾的古巴，主张加以占领。

佩里公园

在日本神奈川县横须贺市的久里滨，有一座佩里公园。当年由佩里率领的黑船登船的地点，竖立了一座佩里登陆纪念碑，上有前日本首相伊藤博文的亲笔手书：“北米合众国水师提督佩里上陆纪念碑”。

在佩里公园里，每年都有由民间组织的开国纪念活动，人称“黑船祭”。在纪念表演活动中，当年的“入侵者”以英雄的姿态出现。

尽管当年佩里仗著船坚炮利迫使日本签订第一份不平等条约，但后世的日本人并不视之为仇敌。相反，日本人有感佩里促使日本开放改革，走上富国强兵之路，视之为日本的恩人。

由此可反映出日本民族的务实性格。

佩里舰队

1853年7月8日于日本江跬迤趾爻宄鱿钟擅拦＞炫謇锼柿熘拦《冉⒍4艘军舰。日本人以“黑船”之名称 呼。

旗舰：“密西西比号巡洋舰”(USS Mississippi (1841)) 1841年12月22日在美国费城海军造船厂(Philadelphia Naval Shipyard)竣工。1863年3月14日在(Port Hudson, Louisiana)搁浅被击毁。

外轮式快速帆船：速度8节、水线长229铡⒙嘏潘3,220吨、乘员380名。

装备　10寂2门、8(Paixhans)炮8门

“萨斯凯哈那号巡洋舰”(USS Susquehanna (1850))　1850年12月24日在纽约布鲁克林海军造船厂(Brooklyn Navy Yard)竣工。1868年1月14日在纽约布鲁克林海军造船厂(Brooklyn Navy Yard)除役，直到1883年9月27日卖给纽约市(E. Stannard )作废船拆解。。

外轮式快速帆船：速度10节、水线长257铡⒙嘏潘2,450吨、乘员300名。

装备　150磅(Parrott)炮2门、9(Dahlgren)滑腔炮12门、12磅炮1门

“萨拉多加号护卫舰”(USS Saratoga (1842)) 1842年7月26日在美国朴次茅斯海军造船厂(Portsmouth Naval Shipyard)竣工，1843年1月4日服役。1888年8月8日除役变为海洋学校训练船，直到1907年8月14日卖给波士顿(Thomas Butler & Company)公司。

单桅帆船：速度未知、水线长146 4肌⒙嘏潘882吨、乘员210名。

装备　8寂4门、32磅炮18门

“朴利茅斯号护卫舰”(USS Plymouth (1844)) 1844年4月3日在美国波士顿海军造船厂(Boston Navy Yard)竣工。1861年4月20日在美国诺福克海军造船厂(Norfolk Naval Shipyard)被美国南军自我烧毁及凿沉。

单桅帆船：速度未知、水线长147铡⒙嘏潘189吨、乘员60名。

装备　8寂4门、32磅炮18门

著作

u2018日本远征记u2019土屋乔雄、玉城肇译　岩波文库　（原著为u2018Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan.u2019　1856年　美利坚合众国第33议会第2会期中特殊刊行物第97）

英文资料

Early life and naval career

Born in Rocky Brook, Rhode Island, he was the son of Captain Christopher R. Perry and the younger brother of Oliver Hazard Perry. Matthew Perry got a midshipman’s commission in the Navy in 1809, and was initially assigned to Revenge, under the command of his elder brother.

Perry’s early career saw him assigned to several ships, including the President, where he was aide to Commodore John Rodgers, which was in a victorious engagement over a British vessel, HMS Little Belt, shortly before the War of 1812 was officially declared. During that war Perry was transferred to USS United States, and as a result saw little fighting in that war afterward, since the ship was trapped at New London, Connecticut. After that war he served on various vessels in the Mediterranean and Africa (notably aboard USS Cyane during its patrol off Liberia in 1819-1820), sent to suppress piracy and the slave trade in the West Indies. Later during this period, while in port in Russia, Perry was offered a commission in the Russian navy, which he declined.

Opening of Key West

Perry commanded the Shark from 1821-1825. When England possessed Florida in 1763, the Spanish contended that the Florida Keys were part of Cuba and North Havana. The United States felt that Key West (which was then named Cayo Hueso, which means "Bone Island") could potentially be the "Gibraltar of the West" because it guarded the northern edge of the 90 mile wide Straits of Florida -- the deep water route between the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico.

In 1815 the Spanish governor in Havana, Cuba deeded the island of Key West, Florida to Juan Pablo Salas of Saint Augustine, Florida. After Florida was transferred to the United States, Salas sold Key West to U.S. businessman John W. Simonton for ,000 in 1821. Simonton lobbied the U.S. Government to establish a naval base on Key West, both to take advantage of its strategic location and to bring law and order to Key West town.

On March 25, 1822, Perry sailed the schooner Shark to Key West and planted the U.S. flag, physically claiming the Keys as United States property.

Perry renamed Cayo Hueso "Thompson’s Island" for the Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson and the harbor "Port Rodgers" for the president of the Board of Navy Commissioners. Neither name stuck.

From 1826-1827 Perry acted as fleet captain for Commodore Rodgers. Perry returned for shore duty to Charleston, South Carolina in 1828, and in 1830 took command of USS Concord. He spent the years of 1833-1837 as second officer of the New York Navy Yard (later the Brooklyn Navy Yard), gaining promotion to captain at the end of this tour.

Father of the Steam Navy

Perry had a considerable interest in naval education, supporting an apprentice system to train new seamen, and helped establish the curriculum for the United States Naval Academy. He was also a vocal proponent of modernizing the Navy. Once promoted to captain, he oversaw construction of the Navy’s second steam frigate, USS Fulton, which he commanded after its completion. He was called "The Father of the Steam Navy", and he organized America’s first corps of naval engineers, and conducted the first U.S. naval gunnery school while commanding Fulton in 1839-1840 off Sandy Hook on the coast of New Jersey.

Promotion to commodore

Perry acquired the courtesy title of Commodore in 1841, and was made chief of the New York Navy Yard in the same year. In 1843 he took command of the African Squadron, whose duty was to interdict the slave trade under the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, and continued in this endeavor through 1844.

The Mexican-American War

In 1845 Commodore David Connor’s length of service in command of the Home Squadron had come to an end. However, the coming of the Mexican-American War persuaded the authorities not to change commanders in the face of the war. Perry, who would eventually succeed Connor, was made second-in-command and captained the USS Mississippi. Perry captured the Mexican city of Frontera, demonstrated against Tabasco and took part in the Tampico Expedition. He had to return to Norfolk, Virginia to make repairs and was still there when the amphibious landings at Vera Cruz took place. His return to the U.S. gave his superiors the chance to finally give him orders to succeed Commodore Connor in command of the Home Squadron. Perry returned to the fleet during the siege of Veracruz and his ship supported the siege from the sea. After the fall of Veracruz Winfield Scott moved inland and Perry moved against the remaining Mexican port cities. Perry assembled the Mosquito Fleet and captured Tuxpan in April, 1847. In July 1847 he attacked Tabasco personally, leading a 1173-man landing force ashore and attacked the city from land.

The Opening of Japan: 1852-1854

Precedents

Perry’s expedition to Japan was preceded by several naval expeditions by American ships:

From 1797 to 1809, several American ships traded in Nagasaki under the Dutch flag, upon the request of the Dutch, who were not able to send their own ships because of their conflict against Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. Trade was limited to the Dutch and Chinese at that time (sakoku).

In 1837, an American businessman in Canton, named Charles W. King, saw an opportunity to open trade by trying to return to Japan three Japanese sailors (among them, Otokichi) who had been shipwrecked a few years before on the coast of Oregon. He went to Uraga Channel with Morrison, an unarmed American merchant ship. The ship was attacked several times, and sailed back without completing its mission.

In 1846, Commander James Biddle, sent by the United States Government to open trade, anchored in Tokyo Bay with two ships, including one warship armed with 72 cannons, but his requests for a trade agreement remained unsuccessful.

In 1848, Captain James Glynn sailed to Nagasaki, leading at last to the first successful negotiation by an American with "Closed Country" Japan. James Glynn recommended to the United States Congress that negotiations to open Japan should be backed up by a demonstration of force, thus paving the way to Perry’s expedition.

First visit, 1852-1853

In 1852, Perry embarked from Norfolk, Virginia for Japan, in command of a squadron in search of a Japanese trade treaty. Aboard a black-hulled steam frigate, he ported Mississippi, Plymouth, Saratoga, and Susquehanna at Uraga Harbor near Edo (modern Tokyo) on July 8, 1853, and was met by representatives of the Tokugawa Shogunate who told him to proceed to Nagasaki, where there was limited trade with the Netherlands and which was the only Japanese port open to foreigners at that time (see Sakoku). Perry refused to leave and demanded permission to present a letter from President Millard Fillmore, threatening force if he was denied. The Japanese military forces could not resist Perry’s modern weaponry; the "Black Ships" would then become, in Japan, a threatening symbol of Western technology and colonialism.

The Japanese government let Perry come ashore to avoid a naval bombardment. Perry landed at Kurihama, (near modern-day Yokosuka) on July 14, presented the letter to delegates present, and left for the Chinese coast, promising to return for a reply.

Second visit, 1854

Perry returned in February 1854 with twice as many ships, finding that the delegates had prepared a treaty embodying virtually all the demands in Fillmore’s letter. Perry signed the Convention of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854 and departed, mistakenly believing the agreement had been made with imperial representatives.

On his way to Japan, Perry anchored off of Keelung in Formosa, known today as Taiwan, for ten days. Perry and crew members landed on Formosa and investigated the potential of mining the coal deposits in that area. He emphasized in his reports that Formosa provided a convenient mid-way trade location. Formosa was also very defensible. It could serve as a base for exploration like Cuba had done for the Spanish in the Americas. Occupying Formosa could help the US to counter European monopolization of the major trade routes. The United States government did not respond to Perry’s proposal to claim sovereignty over Formosa.

Return to the United States, 1855

When Perry returned to the United States in 1855, Congress voted to grant him a reward of ,000 in appreciation of his work in Japan. Perry used part of this money to prepare and publish a report on the expedition in three volumes, titled Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan

Family

His wife Jane Slidell was sister of John Slidell and aunt of Alexander Slidell MacKenzie.

His sister Anna Maria married Commodore George Washington Rodgers. Their son Rear Admirial Christopher Raymond Perry Rodgers married to Julia Slidell-the parents of Rear Admirals Thomas Slidell Rogers and Raymond Perry Rodgers who was married to Gertrude Stuyvesant. {George Washington Rodgers was the brother of Commodore John Rodgers (naval officer, war of 1812). Commodore John Rodgers was the father in law of Union General Montgomery C. Meigs and grandfather of Lt. John Rodgers Meigs. General Meigs was the great-grandson of Colonel Return J. Meigs, Sr.}.

His daughter Sarah C. married Colonel Robert Smith Rodgers. Parents of Rear Admirial John Augustus Rogers the father of Commander John Rodgers (naval officer, World War I). Colonel Robert Rodgers was the brother of Rear Admirial John Rodgers (naval officer, Civil War).

His daughter Caroline Slidell married August Belmont, a 19th century banker/businessman.

Last years

Perry died three years later on March 4, 1858 in New York City. His remains were moved to the Island Cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island on March 21, 1866, along with those of his daughter, Anna, who died in 1839.

Trivia

Perry’s middle name is often misspelled as Galbraith instead of Calbraith.

Among other mementos, Perry presented Queen Victoria with a breeding pair of Japanese Chin dogs, previously owned only by Japanese nobility.

A replica of Perry’s US flag is on display on board the USS Missouri (BB-63) memorial in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It is attached to the bulkhead just inboard of the Japanese surrender signing site on the port side of the ship.

There is a Perry Park in Kurihama which has a monolith monument, erected in 1902, to the landing of Perry’s forces. Within the park there is a small museum dedicated to the events of 1854, admission is free, and the museum is open from 10a.m to 4p.m seven days a week.

Mathew C. Perry Elementary School can be found on Marine Corps Air Station, Iwakuni, Japan. School mascot - Sammy the Samurai.